• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    18 Abstract The present invention relates to a fish feed, to a method for its manufacture, to the use ofsaid feed in fish feeding, and to a method for feeding fish. The fish feed according to theinvention provides a higher production of roe and at the same time also a better growth of fish and a smaller gutting loss compared to the feeds of the prior art.
    公开号:SE1751538A1
    申请号:SE1751538
    申请日:2016-05-12
    公开日:2017-12-13
    发明作者:Lerche Knut-Olof
    申请人:Raisioagro Oy；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Fish feed, a process for its preparation, and a method for feeding fish The present invention relates to a fish feed, to a method for its manufacture, to the use ofsaid feed in fish feeding, and to a method for feeding fish. The fish feed according to theinvention provides a higher production of roe, better growth of fish and a smaller gutting loss compared to the feeds of the prior art.
    Background of the invention In Finland, Sweden and also in some parts of Denmark the production of rainbow trout iseconomically very dependent on the simultaneous production of roe. The Norwegiansalmon industry on the other hand does not focus on roe production as the fish flesh qualityis considered to be lower when the fish get sexually mature. Therefore, the development offeeds for salmon and trout has been focused on the growth of fish which do not become sexually mature.
    The amount of roe in a fish differs and is dependent e.g. on how close to spawning the fishis slaughtered. Normally the GSI (gonadosomatic index; roe% by weight of a live fish) of rainbow trout is 10- 14% in December-January at Finland°s conditions.
    The nutrients required by fish for growth, reproduction and other physiological functionsare similar to those of other animals, i.e. protein, minerals, vitamins, and lipids. Ingredientsused in commercial fish feeds can therefore be classified as protein (amino acid) sources, lipid sources, carbohydrates and vitamin and mineral sources.
    Fish feeds are available in different compositions and pellet sizes designed for fish ofvarious species at different growth periods. A fish fry needs a diet rich in vitamins andprotein for its growth. As fish increases in size the energy level in feed rises in order toenable effective growth. Since high quality protein is more expensive than fat, high energycontent is usually provided by increasing the fat content of the feed. The conventionalextruded feed used for trout larger than 350-500g in their last growth period contains approximately 36% protein and 35% fat by weight of feed. 2 Johnson et al (North American Journal of Aquaculture 73:409-417, 2011) studied theeffect of dietary lipids on egg composition and embryo and fry quality when coho salmonbroodstock were fed two diets with different fatty acid profiles during vitellogenesis.Dietary lipids, e. g. docoXaheXanoic acid (DHA), were incorporated into egg lipids but embryo survival and fry survival and growth were not affected.
    WO 2010087715 A1 relates to an eXtruded fish feed containing an increased amount of thean1ino acid arginine. WO 9612415 A1 discloses a fish feed wherein urea and TMAO(trimethylamine oxide) were incorporated to achieve fish flesh having a stronger colour.WO 9945796 A1 relates to a fish feed containing a high lysine concentration and EP1250850 A2 discloses a fish feed with added carotenoids and polyphenols.
    A review article by Peng et al (Aquaculture 251 (2006) 141-152) discusses the role ofnucleotides and metabolites in fish diets. According to said article, eXogenous nucleotides have shown promise as dietary supplements to enhance immunity and disease resistance of fish.
    It has now been found that it is possible to remarkably increase roe production for humanconsumption and/or the growth of fish by feeding the fish during vitellogenesis, i.e. duringthe period when the fish is developing and producing roe in its body cavity, with a feedhaving a higher amount of protein than the conventional feed. An even higher roeproduction was achieved when added nucleotides and/or nucleosides were included in thefeed having a high protein content. Roe production and fish flesh yield are increased alsowhen the fish is fed with the high protein feed only during part of the vitellogenesis, e. g.during early (endogenic) vitellogenesis or, alternatively, only during late (eXogenic)vitellogenesis, but then the increases in fish growth and roe production are smaller thanthose observed when the high protein feed is provided during the whole period of vitellogenesis.
    Summary of the invention An object of the present invention is a method for feeding fish for human consumption wherein the method comprises the steps of providing a feed composition to the fish during vitellogenesis, i.e. during the period when the fish is developing and producing roe in its 3 body, Wherein the feed comprises carbohydrates and a high amount, preferably 38-48%protein, and 25-34% fat.
    A further object of the invention is the use of a fish feed comprising a high amount ofprotein for increasing roe production and/or the growth of fish by feeding the fish With saidfish feed during vitellogenesis, i.e. during the period When the fish is developing andproducing roe in its body. More specifically, the fish feed for the use according to theinvention comprises carbohydrates and 38-48% protein and 25-34% fat.
    The invention also relates to a fish feed comprising carbohydrates and 38-48%, preferably39-45%, even more preferably 4l-42% protein and 25-34%, preferably 28-33%, and morepreferably 30-33% fat, together With added nucleotides and/or nucleosides. The feed preferably also contains added vitamins and added amino acids.
    Another object of the invention is a process for preparing a fish feed Which comprises thesteps of miXing the feed raw materials except part of the fat, extruding the obtainedmiXture and then vacuum coating the obtained extrudate to obtain pellets of suitable size,Wherein the feed comprises carbohydrates and 38-48%, preferably 39-45%, protein and25-34%, preferably 28-33%, fat and Wherein most of the fat is added in the step of vacuum coating the pellets.
    Detailed description of the invention The feed according to the invention is particularly suitable for fish used for roe production,such as rainboW trout, salmon, broWn trout and Whitefish, especially rainboW trout andWhitefish, during the period When the fish is starting to develop and is producing roe in its body cavity, i.e. during vitellogenesis.
    The feed according to the invention comprises carbohydrates and 38-48%, preferably 39-45%, more preferably 40-44 %, and even more preferably 4l-42% of protein, While thecontent of fat is 25-34%, preferably 28-33%, and more preferably 30-33%. The proteincontent can be tailored depending on the particular fish species to be fed. For rainboW trout the most preferred amount of protein is 4l-42%. For Whitefish, a preferred amount of 4 protein for the use according to the invention is 44-45%, While the amount of fat is 25- 26%.
    An important protein source in the feed according to the invention is fish meal. HoWever,in the feed according to the invention the amount of fish meal does not need to be as highas conventionally used in a feed for brood fish Which means cost savings to the fish farrner.Other protein sources include for example soy, soy protein, Wheat, Wheat gluten, com, corngluten (i.e. com protein), faba bean, lupine, pea protein, rapeseed/canola, potato protein,cottonseed meal, animal protein sources, such as blood meal, hemoglobin meal and other animal proteins, such as poultry and insect proteins.
    Sources of fat include for example vegetable oils, such as rapeseed oil, palm oil, soybeanoil, olive oil, linseed oil and cottonseed oil, fish oil and animal fats. Preferred sources of fatare rapeseed oil and fish oil. By adjusting the proportions of rapeseed oil and fish oil in thefish feeds during the growth of the fish it is possible to obtain optimal levels of the healthyfatty acids eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the fish flesh.
    The feed according to the invention may also comprise added nucleotides and/ornucleosides, especially in free form, to further improve the yield of roe. Nucleotides andnucleosides Which are building blocks of DNA and RNA and of ATP accelerate celldivision. Even a minor amount of added nucleotides/nucleosides has an effect butpreferably the amount of added nucleotides/nucleo sides in the feed should be at least0.005%, preferably at least 0.01%, more preferably at least 0.05%, and even morepreferably at least 0.1%, and it may also be over 0.5%. The upper limit of addednucleotides is not critical since nucleotides are not harrnful to the fish even in highamounts. Especially When the feed contains under 30% fish meal it is beneficial to addnucleotides/nucleosides to the feed. Particularly When the feed contains under 20% of fishmeal, nucleotides/ nucleosides in some form should be added to the feed to further guarantee an increased roe production.
    Nucleotides and/or nucleosides to be added to the feed according to the invention arecommercially available and usually derived from yeast nucleic acid eXtracts. Preferably the nucleotides are added in free form.
    It is known that the diet of fish needs to contain the essential amino acids arginine,histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan andvaline since fish cannot synthesize these amino acids from other molecules. Some aminoacids, such as cysteine and tyrosine, are non-essential an1ino acids since cysteine can besynthesized from methionine and tyrosine from phenylalanine. In order to guarantee asufficient level of the essential amino acids in the fish diet, for example methionine and lysine have been added to fish feeds to provide an adequate intake of these amino acids.
    It has now also been found that the roe production of fish is further improved by includingin the diet higher amounts of added amino acids. More specifically, especially amino acidstryptophan, methionine and cysteine/cystine have been found to have a positive effect onroe production. Therefore, the feed according to the invention preferably contains at leastone of added amino acids from the group of methionine, tryptophan, cysteine, cystine andlysine in higher amounts than recommended by NCR (National Research Council) in 2011 or in higher amounts as compared to the other amino acids.
    Preferably in the feed according to the invention at least one of the amino acids tryptophan,methionine and lysine is added in such amounts that the feed contains said amino acid(s) inhigher amounts than recommended by NRC in 2011. A preferred added amino acid ismethionine. More preferably in the feed according to the invention at least two of thean1ino acids tryptophan, methionine and lysine are added in such amounts that the feedcontains said amino acids in higher amounts than recommended by NRC in 2011. Evenmore preferably in the feed according to the invention the amino acids tryptophan,methionine and lysine are added in such amounts that the feed contains said amino acids inhigher amounts than recommended by NRC in 2011. Other amino acid(s) in addition toan1ino acids tryptophan, methionine and/or lysine may also be added to the feed according to the invention in amounts higher than recommended by NRC.
    Based on the recommendation of NRC (2011), rainbow trout requires 0.3% tryptophan,07% methionine, 1.1% of methionine + cysteine, and 24% lysine (% by weight of thefeed calculated as digestible amino acids). In the feed and method according to theinvention, methionine is added in such amounts that the feed contains digestiblemethionine over 0.7%, preferably over 1.0%, more preferably over 1.4%, and even more preferably over 2.1% by weight of the feed. Tryptophan is added in such amounts that the 6 feed contains over 03%, preferably over 0.4%, more preferably over 0.6% and even morepreferably over l.0% digestible tryptophan. The amount of digestible lysine in the feedaccording to the invention is over 2.4%, preferably over 2.8%, more preferably over 32%, and even more preferably over 7% by Weight of feed.
    The fish feed according to the invention comprises also vitamins needed for the growth androe production of the fish. The level of vitamins in the feed is adjusted by adding to thefeed a vitamin premixture which comprises all the vitamins the fish needs. The vitaminsmay include any vitamins such as vitamin C, vitamin E (tocopherol), vitamin B, vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin K.
    Vitamins C and E provide together a strong anti-oxidative effect. Vitamin E includesvarious tocopherols (ot, y and ö tocopherol) which protect polyunsaturated fatty acids, suchas eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), from oxidation. Inaddition to its own antioxidative effect vitamin C also re-activates the function of vitamin E.
    Vitamin A refers to a group of compounds which have the same biological activity. Majorforms of vitamin A include for example retinol, retinoic acid and carotenoids. Carotenoidsare pro-vitamin A forms, among which beta-carotene is most important. Astaxanthin whichis a common additive in fish feeds also belongs to carotenoids. Astaxanthin provides the red color of the salmon flesh and has also an antioxidative effect.
    The amounts of vitamins and astaxanthin in a fish feed are known to a person skilled in theart and can be adjusted accordingly. For example, in the feed according to the invention the amount of vitamins may be lower than that in a feed designed for brood fish or fry.
    The feed according to the invention may also comprise beta-glucan for enhancingphagocytic activity and thus for activating the immune system. If beta-glucan is used, its amount is within the limits known to a person skilled in the art of fish feeds.
    Other possible additives in the feed according to the invention are for example phytaseenzyme and other beneficial enzymes. As phosphorus in plant materials is stored in the form of phytic acid, phytase is needed in the gastrointestinal tract to degrade phytic acid and release phosphorus. The natural phytase activity in the gastrointestinal tract of fish isalmost negligible and if vegetable based sources of phosphorus are used in fish feeds,added phytase enables to release phosphorus from phytic acid. The amount of addedphytase may be for example approximately 750 FYT/kg feed.
    The feed according to the invention preferably also comprises lecithin. In fish feeds,lecithin is used principally to emulsify fat, thus improving digestion and feed efficiency,but lecithin has also a nutritional role as a source of phospholipids, notably such asphosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Lecithin functions also as an antioxidant to prolong the shelf life of the feed.
    Fish feeds are available in different pellet sizes and densities to accommodate the needs ofspecies in various growth stages. The pellet size should in general be approximately 20-30% of the size of the fish species mouth gape. In practice, for rainbow trout the pellet sizevaries from 1.7 mm pellets for small fry to 9 or even 12 mm pellets for the last growthperiod. For the use according to the invention the preferred pellet size is 7 to 12 mm,preferably 7 to 9 mm in case of rainbow trout. A fish can eat a smaller pellet size than recommended for a certain growth stage and therefore the actual pellet size is not decisive.
    Considerable advantages are achieved by means of the present invention. By the methodaccording to the invention it is possible to get a much higher flesh yield especially in fishthat produce roe. When the test feed according to the invention and a control feed(conventional feed with 36% protein and 35% fat) were fed for about 6 months to fish thatshould get sexually mature that year, it was found that the test feed had a better feedconversion rate (PCR) than the control feed. The test feed also provided a higher fleshyield and a much higher roe% which means a remarkable increase in the absolute amountof roe. A reduced gutting loss was also observed, also when the test feed was fed only during the last 4.5 months of vitellogenesis.
    In the method according to the invention the time of starting the feeding with the new feeddepends on the age and species of the fish involved as well as on the temperature offarrning water, the amount of light etc., i.e. on factors which have an effect on the timingwhen the fish is producing roe in its body. The reproductive cycle of a rainbow trout spawning for the first time starts approximately 12 months before the actual spawning 8 time. The oocyte maturation and yolk incorporation (vitellogenesis) is a hormonallycontrolled and regulated process wherein vitellogenin produced by the liver is stored in thematuring egg cells. Vitellogenesis comprises various phases starting from previtello-genesis, followed by endogenic and eXogenic vitellogenesis. A rainbow trout entersprevitellogenesis at Finland°s conditions during spring (April-May), followed by endogenic vitellogenesis, and finally eXogenic vitellogenesis until spawning.
    In the method according to the invention a feed composition is provided to the fish duringvitellogenesis. The period of vitellogenesis in different fish species varies and is dependentalso on light and temperature conditions. A preferred time period of feeding rainbow troutaccording to the method of the invention is at least about 3 months, more preferably 3-4months, even more preferably about 5 months, 5-6 months, 6-7 months, 7-8 months, 8-9months, 9-10 months or over 10 months. A more preferred time period for feeding rainbowtrout according to the invention is 6-8 months at Finland°s conditions. Even shorter periodsof time (1-2 months, typically at least 1 month, more typically at least 2 months, mosttypically at least 3 months) have an effect on roe production and/or flesh yield, especially on roe production, of salmonids and are within the scope of the invention.
    In one embodiment of the invention the fish is fed according to the invention for 3-4months during early vitellogenesis. In a more preferred embodiment of the invention thefish is fed according to the invention for 3-4 months during late vitellogenesis. In stillanother embodiment of the invention the fish is fed according to the invention during partof vitellogenesis or during any combination of time periods during vitellogenesis. In apreferred embodiment the fish is fed according to the invention during whole vitellogenesis.
    The invention is also directed to the use of a fish feed comprising a high amount of proteinfor increasing roe production for human consumption and/or the growth of fish by feedingthe fish with said fish feed during vitello genesis, i.e. during the period when the fish isdeveloping and producing roe in its body. More specifically, the fish feed for the useaccording to the invention comprises carbohydrates and 38-48% protein and 25-34% fat.Preferred feed compositions are as disclosed in this specification. Both the produced roe and the fish flesh are aimed for human consumption. 9 In this disclosure “%” means percent by weight if not otherwise specified.
    The following experimental part illustrates the invention.
    Example 1 The tested fish was rainbow trout that should get sexually mature soon and had an average starting weight of 0.88 kg. The average end weight when slaughtered was 2.85 kg. The feeds comprised conventional fish feed ingredients with the following differences in the compositions of the feeds: The control feed (%): Protein 36.0Fat 35.0The test feed (%): Protein 41.0Fat 31.0 Both feeds had the same amount of digestible energy.
    The fish (1328 pcs) were divided into 8 cages (166 fish/cage). Four cages were fed withthe control feed (Hercules LP 7 mm) and four cages with the test feed, starting late Mayuntil early September. Due to high water temperature some mortality occurred and fish hadto be starved for a prolonged period during summer. In September each cage was dividedinto two cages, in order to be able to change the feeding of the subgroups. The groups were marked as follows: AA - received control feed only AB - received control feed at the beginning of the test (approximately 3 months) and thetest feed during the end of the test period (during part of the exogenic vitellogenesis, i.e.approximately 3 months) BB - received test feed during the whole test period (approximately 6 months) BA - received test feed at the beginning of the test (approximately during endogenicvitellogenesis, 3 months) and the control feed during the end of the test period (approximately 3 months) Feeding was otherwise identical for each cage. The fish were fed according to therecommendations of the feed producer for the commercial feed (Raisioagro Oy°s feedingtable for rainbow trout, 2014), based on the temperature of the farming water and theaverage Weight in each cage. Samples were taken and the fish were weighed at the beginning of the test, in early September, and in early December.
    In December 30 fish from each cage were weighed, stunned, bled and their gutted yield,and maturity were recorded. The gutting loss was determined as the percentage of gutweight with respect to live and gutted weight of a fish. The gonads were weighed inDecember. GSI values were determined as the percentage of gonad weight with respect to live as well as gutted weight of a fish.
    Results The average FCR (feed conversion rate) and SGR (specific growth rate) values for eachfeeding group are presented in Table 1. SGR values illustrate the growth % of fish per day,based on live weight. FCR values show the amount of feed needed to produce 1 kg of fish.The smaller the FCR value, the more efficiently the feed is converted into the growth offish. Relatively high FCR upon the first test period results plausibly from suboptimal farming conditions during hot summer.
    From the results it can be seen that the group receiving only the test feed remarkablyincreased its growth when compared to the group receiving only the control feedthroughout the experiment. Also the groups receiving the test feed only for part of the test period showed better growth and growth rate than the control group.
    Table 1. The average FCR and SGR for each treatment group Treat- FCR I FCR ll FCR |-| SGR I SGR ll SGR |-| ment May-Sept Sept-Dec May-Dec May-Sept Sept-Dec May-DecAA 1.35 0.98 1.15 1.02 0.55 0.78AB 1.35 0.96 1.15 1.02 0.56 0.78BA 1.31 0.95 1.13 1.02 0.58 0.80BB 1.31 0.93 1.11 1.02 0.61 0.82 11 The gutted fish weight, the gut weight, the gonad weight, and GSl% are presented in Table2.
    As can be seen from Table 2, the gutted weight of the test group (BB) was remarkablyhigher than in the control group (AA) and also higher than in groups AB and BA.
    Table 2. Live weight, gutted weight, gonad weight, gut weight, GSl% and gut% in mature fish in December Treatment Live g Gutted g Gonads g Gut g GS|1 % GS|2 % Gut %AA 2754 2128 310.4 224.6 11.3 14.8 10.6AB 2787 2169 315.6 214.5 11.3 14.6 10.0BA 2862 2228 313.6 230.5 11.0 14.3 10.4BB 2992 2313 353.7 230.1 11.8 15.4 9.9 The absolute amount of gonads showed a surprisingly high increase in all three test groups and especially for group BB.
    The results also show a surprisingly reduced gutting loss (i.e. weight of gut) for the group fed the test feed.
    Table 2 further shows the gonadosomatic index (GSI) (%) based on live fish(1) and guttedfish(2) weight. The results show an increase in the gonadosomatic index in fish fed withthe test feed as compared to the fish fed only the control feed. As already mentioned, fishfed the test feed also had a higher weight than those fed the control feed. Therefore, eventhough the fish were bigger the GSI values were uneXpectedly even higher for group BBthan for the control group AA.
    Example 2 The tested fish were rainbow trout which were grown at a commercial fish farm. One cagewas fed with the test feed and another with the control feed. The test started in May. Thecompositions of the feeds were as in EXample 1. Daily feeding rates used in the testfollowed the recommendations given in feeding tables (Raisioagro, 2014). The fish wereslaughtered in December, i.e. during the time of roe production. About 100 fish from each cage were taken as samples. 12 PCR (feed conversion rate) values were calculated for the whole group of fish. PCR of thecontrol group was 1.37 while PCR of the test group was 1.28. The PCR of the test groupwas thus remarkably better than that of the control group.
    Other results are shown in Table 3.
    Table 3. Results at the end of the test, calculated from those fish that were sexually mature CONTROL TEST FEEDAverage live weight, g 3063 3160Average gutted weight, g 2377 2479Gut% (gut/live weight) 7.09 6.10GS|1% (gonads/live weight) 11.43 12.20GS|2% (gonads/gutted weight) 14.78 15.63 In addition to the remarkably better PCR values, it can be seen from the results that alsothe roe production (GSI) of the test group was surprisingly higher in the test groupcompared to the control group. The results also show a surprisingly reduced gutting loss for the test group.
    Example 3.
    The tested fish were rainbow trout grown at a commercial fish farm. The test included twocages of fish: one cage was fed with the test feed of EXample 1 (Test feed 1), and thesecond cage was fed with a test feed having the same composition as Test feed 1 but withan addition of a commercial nucleotide product (RovimaX NX) in an amount of 0.03%(Test feed 2). According to the manufacturer, the commercial nucleotide product had a free nucleotide concentration of more than 40% (total nucleotides more than 80%).
    The test started at the beginning of July and the fish were slaughtered in Pebruary, i.e.during the time of roe production. Daily feeding rates used in the test followed therecommendations given in feeding tables of the manufacturer of the control feed of Example 1 (Raisioagro Oy 2014). 13 Table 4. GSI results at the end of the test, calculated from those fish that Were sexually mature, and live Weight at the beginning and at the end of the test TEST FEED 1 TEST FEED 2 GSI1% (gonads/live Weight) 11.5 12.4GSI2% (gonads/gutted 14.1 15.5Weight) Initial live Weight, g 962 942Final live Weight, g 2000 2060 The results show that an even higher roe production is obtained by the feed according tothe invention Which in addition to a high protein content comprises added nucleotides and/or nucleosides.
    权利要求:
    Claims (28)
    [1] 1. A method of feeding a fish for human consumption, the method comprising providing afeed composition to the fish during vite11ogenesis, Wherein the feed composition comprises carbohydrates, 38-48% protein and 25-34% fat by Weight of the feed.
    [2] 2. The method according to c1aim 1, Wherein the feed composition comprises 39-45%, preferab1y 41-42% protein.
    [3] 3. The method according to c1aim 1 or 2, Wherein the feed composition comprises 28-33%, preferab1y 30-33% fat.
    [4] 4. The method according to any one of c1aims 1-3, Wherein the feed composition comprises added nuc1eotides and/or nuc1eosides.
    [5] 5. The method according to c1aim 4, Wherein the amount of added nuc1eotides and/ornuc1eosides in the feed composition is at 1east 0.005%, preferab1y at 1east 0.01%, morepreferab1y at 1east 0.05%, even more preferab1y at 1east 0.1% and further preferab1y at 1east0.5% or more by Weight of the feed.
    [6] 6. The method according to any one of the preceding c1aims, Wherein the feed compositioncomprises added amino acids selected from the group consisting of arginine, cysteine,cystine, histidine, iso1eucine, 1eucine, 1ysine, methionine, pheny1a1anine, threonine, tryptophan and va1ine.
    [7] 7. The method according to c1aim 6 Wherein the added amino acids are se1ected from the group consisting of methionine, cysteine, cystine, 1ysine and tryptophan.
    [8] 8. The method according to any one of the preceding c1aims, Wherein the feed composition comprises amino acids in an amount Which is over NRC recommendations.
    [9] 9. The method according to any one of the preceding c1aims, Wherein the feed composition comprises over 07%, preferab1y over 1.0%, more preferab1y over 1.4% and even more preferably over 2.1% of digestible methionine and/or over 0.3%, preferably over 0.6%,more preferably over 1.0% of digestible tryptophan and/or over 2.4%, preferably over2.8%, more preferably over 3.2%, and even more preferably over 7% digestible lysine by Weight of feed.
    [10] 10. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, Wherein the feedcomposition further comprises nutrients selected from the group consisting of vitamins,n1inerals, astaXanthin, phytase enzyme and other beneficial enzymes, beta-glucan and lecithin.
    [11] 11. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, Wherein the methodcomprises feeding the fish during Whole vitellogenesis or during part of vitellogenesis,such as during early vitellogenesis, during late vitellogenesis, and/or during any combination of time periods of vitellogenesis, preferably during Whole vitellogenesis.
    [12] 12. The method according to any one of the preceding claims Wherein the fish are selectedfrom the group consisting of salmonid, such as rainboW trout, salmon, broWn trout and Whitefish, a preferred fish being rainboW trout.
    [13] 13. Use of a fish feed comprising a high amount of protein for increasing roe productionand/or the growth of fish by feeding the fish during vitellogenesis With said fish feed Whichcomprises 38-48% protein and 25-34% fat.
    [14] 14. The use according to claim 13 Wherein the feed composition comprises 39-45%, preferably 41-42%, of protein and 28-33%, preferably 30-33% fat.
    [15] 15. The use according to claim 13 or 14 Wherein the feed further comprises added nucleotides and/or nucleosides.
    [16] 16. The use according to claim 15 Wherein the amount of added nucleotides and/ornucleosides is at least 0.005%, preferably at least 0.01%, more preferably at least 0.05%,even more preferably at least 0.1% and further preferably at least 0.5% or more by Weightof the feed. 16
    [17] 17. The use according to c1aim 15 Wherein the feed comprises added amino acids, Whereinsaid added amino acids are preferab1y se1ected from the group consisting of methionine, cysteine, cystine, 1ysine and tryptophan.
    [18] 18. The use according to any one of c1aims 13-17 Wherein the feed composition comprisesover 0.7%, preferab1y over 1.0%, more preferab1y over 1.4%, even more preferab1y over2.1% of digestib1e methionine and/or over 0.3%, preferab1y over 0.6%, more preferab1yover 1.0% of digestib1e tryptophan, and/or over 2.4%, preferab1y over 2.8%, more preferab1y over 3.2% and even more preferab1y over 7% of digestib1e 1ysine.
    [19] 19. The use according to any one of c1aims 13-18 Wherein the fish are se1ected from the group consisting of sa1monid, such as rainboW trout, sa1mon, broWn trout and Whitefish.
    [20] 20. The use according to c1aim 19 Wherein the fish is rainboW trout.
    [21] 21. The use according to any one of c1aims 13-20 Wherein the feed composition furthercomprises nutrients se1ected from the group consisting of vitamins, minera1s, astaXanthin, phytase and other beneficia1 enzymes, beta-g1ucan and 1ecithin.
    [22] 22. The use according to any one of c1aims 13-21 Wherein the fish are fed With said fishfeed during Whole vite11ogenesis or during part of vite11ogenesis, such as during ear1yvite11ogenesis, during 1ate vite11ogenesis, and/or during any combination of time periods of vite11ogenesis, preferab1y during Whole vite11ogenesis.
    [23] 23. A fish feed comprising carbohydrates, 38-48% protein and 25-34% fat by Weight of the feed, Wherein the fish feed further comprises added nuc1eotides and/or nuc1eosides.
    [24] 24. The fish feed according to c1aim 23, further comprising added amino acids in amounts Which are over NRC recommendations.
    [25] 25. The fish feed according to c1aim 23, Wherein the amount of added nuc1eotides is at1east 0.005%, preferab1y at 1east 0.01%, more preferab1y at 1east 0.05%, even morepreferab1y at 1east 0.1% and further more preferab1y at 1east 0.5% or more by Weight of thefeed. 17
    [26] 26. The fish feed according to c1aim 24 Wherein the added amino acids are se1ected from the group consisting of methionine, cysteine, cysteine, 1ysine and tryptophan.
    [27] 27. The fish feed according to any one of c1aims 23-26 Wherein the feed comprises over0.7%, preferab1y over 1.0%, more preferab1y over 1.4%, even more preferab1y over 2.1%of digestible methionine and/or over 03%, preferab1y over 0.6%, even more preferab1yover 1.0% of digestible tryptophan and/or over 24%, preferab1y over 2.8%, more preferab1y over 3.2%, and even more preferab1y over 7% digestible 1ysine.
    [28] 28. A process for preparing a fish feed, comprising mixing other feed raw materia1s exceptpart of fat, extruding the obtained mixture and then vacuum coating the obtained eXtrudateto obtain pe11ets of suitable size, Wherein the feed comprises carbohydrates, 38-48%,preferab1y 39-45%, protein, 25-34% fat, and added nuc1eotides and/or nuc1eosides, and Wherein most of the fat is added in the step of vacuum coating the pe11ets.
    类似技术:
    公开号 | 公开日 | 专利标题
    DK201770884A1|2017-12-04|Fish feed, a process for its preparation, and a method for feeding fish
    Satoh1991|Common carp, Cyprinus carpio
    JP2008220180A|2008-09-25|Artificial formula feed for fish of thunnus, and rearing method of fish of thunnus
    RU2577364C1|2016-03-20|Combined feed for laying hens
    RU2700094C1|2019-09-12|Fodder product for broiler chickens
    KR20180061081A|2018-06-07|Supplement material for use in pet food
    Valente et al.2021|Microalgae as feed ingredients for livestock production and aquaculture
    Hosseini et al.2013|Effect of partial replacement of dietary fish meal with soybean meal on some hematological and serum biochemical parameters of juvenile beluga, Huso huso
    RU2573960C2|2016-01-27|Feed product for broiler chickens
    JPH0898659A|1996-04-16|Fish feed having improving effect on stress
    JP2013188207A|2013-09-26|Feed for fish, and method for rearing fish
    Li et al.2013|Feed ingredients and feeds for channel catfish
    JPH09121784A|1997-05-13|Feed for crustacea having stress improving effect
    Bureau et al.2002|Use of animal fats in aquaculture feeds
    Bahrevar et al.2015|Effect of fish meal replacement by blood meal in fingerling rainbow trout | on growth and body/fillet quality traits
    SE1751538A1|2017-12-13|Fish feed, a process for its preparation, and a method for feeding fish
    Kłobukowski et al.2018|Selected parameters of nutritional and pro-health value in the common carp | muscle tissue
    Emre et al.2018|Growth performance, body composition, haematological and serum parameters to fish meal replacement by soybean meal and cottonseed meal in Russian Sturgeon |
    RU2479215C1|2013-04-20|Protein fodder additive for young fishes feeding
    RU2650398C1|2018-04-11|Fodder for feeding malk of african catfish
    Ribeiro et al.2017|Fish protein hydrolysate as an ingredient in diets for Arapaima gigas juveniles
    Khieokhajonkhet et al.2020|Effects of fish protein hydrolysate on the growt h performance, feed and protein utilization of Nile tilapia |
    Mokolensang et al.2021|Utilization of tuna by-product and blood meal as a protein ingredient from animal waste product as a diet of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
    Flórez-Miranda et al.2015|Microalgae in livestock nutrition
    Hernández-Hurtado et al.2018|Contributions to the nutrition of the American crocodile Crocodylus acutus | in captivity
    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    法律状态:
    2019-04-09| NAV| Patent application has lapsed|
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FI2015000503|2015-05-13|
    PCT/FI2016/050317|WO2016181042A1|2015-05-13|2016-05-12|Fish feed, a process for its preparation, and a method for feeding fish|
    [返回顶部]